FA

DRY ICE

Dry ice

Understanding the applications, properties, and safety measures for handling dry ice is beneficial for an increasing number of industries and occupations. The significance of dry ice has grown in recent years due to its unique characteristics and consequent diverse applications. At the core of this growing usage is its ability to sublimate—that is, transition directly from a solid to a gas without passing through a liquid phase. Concurrently, the rise in dry ice utilization requires greater access to proper storage equipment, including specialized refrigeration systems. This scenario has also contributed to the increased use of technical and food-grade gases.

Availability of refrigerated storage equipment facilitates the safe transport of dry ice, as it requires specific handling conditions. Thanks to such solutions, the dry ice market has experienced substantial growth, which is expected to continue in the coming years.

What is Dry Ice?

Essentially, dry ice is solid carbon dioxide (CO₂). It remains in a solid state at extremely low temperatures. The production process involves compressing and cooling gaseous CO₂. It is then expanded at atmospheric pressure, forming solid CO₂ known as dry ice. The material is hydraulically compressed into blocks or pellets for easier use.

Properties of Dry Ice

  • Extremely Low Temperature: -78.5°C (-109.3°F), making it the coldest readily available cooling substance for general use. Ideal for rapid freezing of food, medical, and industrial samples.
  • Sublimation: At room temperature, dry ice sublimates directly from solid to gas, without leaving liquid behind. This makes it suitable for transporting sensitive materials such as electronic equipment.
  • Non-Toxic and Non-Flammable: CO₂ released from dry ice is non-toxic under normal conditions but should be used in well-ventilated areas to prevent gas accumulation. It does not ignite when exposed to fire.
  • Antimicrobial Effects: CO₂ creates an environment unsuitable for microbial growth, making dry ice valuable in food and pharmaceutical industries to extend product shelf life.
  • High Density: 1.56 g/cm³, heavier than regular ice and contains more cooling energy, suitable for long-term cooling such as vaccine transport.
  • Moisture-Free: Unlike water ice, dry ice does not produce moisture, making it ideal for quick drying of industrial parts or cleaning electronic equipment.
  • Specialized Storage and Long Shelf Life: Requires insulated containers to minimize temperature loss and unwanted sublimation, with proper ventilation. Direct contact with skin can cause frostbite. Under proper storage (insulated containers), dry ice can remain stable for 3–5 days, making it practical for remote transport of medical and food products.
  • Environmental Compatibility: CO₂ released from dry ice is the same as naturally occurring atmospheric carbon dioxide. Controlled use provides an environmentally safer alternative to harmful chemicals in cleaning processes.

Chemical Formula

The chemical formula for dry ice is CO₂:

  • Composed of carbon (C) and oxygen (O) atoms.
  • Each molecule contains two oxygen atoms per carbon atom.

Differences Between Regular Ice and Dry Ice

  1. Temperature:
    Dry ice is much colder than regular ice. Dry ice sublimates at approximately -78.5°C (-109.3°F), while water ice melts at 0°C (32°F). This property makes dry ice highly effective for refrigeration and rapid freezing applications.
  2. Duration and Durability:
    Dry ice has a limited lifespan under ambient conditions and requires specialized containers. In contrast, water ice can last longer, especially in cool environments. Dry ice is also more brittle and prone to breaking under impact.

Applications of Dry Ice

  1. Storage and Transport of Perishable Foods: Maintains extremely low temperatures without moisture, preventing spoilage.
  2. Rapid Food Cooling Before Packaging: Preserves taste, color, texture, and reduces processing time.
  3. Storage of Vaccines and Sensitive Medications: Maintains required low temperatures for days.
  4. Transport of Biological Samples and Human Organs: Provides a sterile, low-temperature environment to prevent degradation.
  5. Cooling Chemical Reactors: Controls temperature in exothermic reactions.
  6. Separation in Chemical Processes: Assists in distillation and purification processes.
  7. Dry Ice Blasting for Cleaning Surfaces: Cleans machinery, industrial equipment, and building facades without damage.
  8. Cleaning Industrial Equipment Without Water: Leaves no moisture, suitable for electrical and mechanical equipment.
  9. Testing Electronics at Low Temperatures: Ensures performance under extreme conditions.
  10. Cleaning Electronic Boards: Removes dust and contaminants without damaging components.
  11. Metal Contraction for Easier Assembly: Temporarily shrinks metal parts for installation.
  12. Temporary Stabilization of Metal Structures: Used for repairs or precise adjustments.
  13. Pest Control in Storage Facilities: CO₂ gas discourages insects and pests.
  14. Extending Shelf Life of Agricultural Products: Lowers temperature and controls atmosphere in storage.
  15. Separation of Plastic Molds: Rapid cooling facilitates easy removal of molds.
  16. Rapid Cooling of Plastic Products: Speeds up production processes.
  17. Printing Machinery Cleaning: Safely removes ink and contaminants.
  18. Quick Drying of Printing Ink: Reduces production time.
  19. Scientific Research: Creates ultra-cold environments for experiments in biology, chemistry, and molecular studies.
  20. Other Uses: Special effects in theater and events, pest control, and firefighting.

Hazards

  • Cold Burns: Direct contact with dry ice (-78.5°C / -109°F) can cause severe frostbite. Always use insulated gloves and tools.
  • Asphyxiation: Sublimation releases large volumes of CO₂ (1 lb solid = 250 L gas). Avoid enclosed spaces without proper ventilation.
  • Container Explosion: Pressure build-up in sealed containers can cause rupture. Use only specialized containers with pressure relief.
  • Respiratory Damage: High CO₂ exposure may cause coughing, shortness of breath, and pulmonary edema. Use proper respirators in high CO₂ areas.
  • Electronic Equipment Damage: Direct contact can crack boards or ceramic parts. Use controlled environments for testing.
  • Transportation Risks: CO₂ is heavier than air and can accumulate in vehicle floors; proper ventilation is required.
  • Hazardous Chemical Reactions: Avoid contact with strong bases or reactive metals; consult MSDS.
  • Medical Application Risks: Misuse in cryotherapy can damage live tissue.
  • Recreational Hazards: Avoid using dry ice in closed spaces or drinks; can cause burns or suffocation.

Precautions

Before Handling:

  • Review Safety Data Sheet (SDS) for Dry Ice (CO₂, solid) [CAS No. 124-38-9].
  • Know emergency procedures and incompatible substances.
  • Use only required quantities and ensure proper ventilation.
  • Wear insulated gloves, safety glasses, face mask, and long sleeves; closed-toe shoes.
  • Use insulated containers with pressure relief valves; never overfill.
  • Ensure CO₂ and oxygen monitors are operational indoors.
  • Train personnel in emergency protocols and first aid.
  • Prepare frostbite first aid kits and eye/skin wash solutions.
  • Clearly mark work areas; restrict unauthorized access.

During Handling:

  • Continuously monitor ventilation and CO₂ levels.
  • Avoid direct skin contact; always use protective equipment.
  • Inspect gloves for damage regularly; replace if compromised.
  • Use only compatible containers; avoid sealed or rigid containers.
  • Maintain oxygen levels ≥19.5%.
  • Use proper transport equipment for quantities >5 kg.

After Handling:

  • Ensure sublimation occurs in well-ventilated areas.
  • Properly store or dispose of remaining dry ice.

After finishing work:

  • Place in a well-ventilated area, such as a fume hood, to allow any remaining ice to sublime.
  • Never throw dry ice in the trash or chemical waste container.
  • Never put dry ice in a sink, toilet, or other fixture. The temperature difference can damage the plumbing.
  1. Returning the container to storage: Always store dry ice in a well-ventilated area.
  • Do not store large amounts.
  • Do not store containers inside the hood without ensuring proper airflow in the hood.
  • Do not store/use dry ice in enclosed areas with limited ventilation. This includes cold rooms, walk-in coolers, environmental chambers, and refrigerators/freezers.
  • Do not leave dry ice unattended in open areas.
  • Store in original containers or other suitable containers.
  • Store away from incompatible items.
  • Wash hands and forearms thoroughly with soap and water before leaving the laboratory.


First aid

Emergency treatment in case of skin or eye contact with cryogenic liquid or vapor is as follows:

1. Frostbite

Symptoms: Skin tightness, paleness, numbness

  • Actions:
  • Immediately wash the area with lukewarm (not hot) water (38-42°C).
  • Avoid rubbing or rapid heating.
  • Place a sterile, dry bandage on the area.
  • Never use dry heat.
  • If clothing is soaked with liquid, you should remove it as soon as possible and rinse the affected area with cold water as above.
  • Where clothing has frozen to the skin underneath, cold water should be poured over the area, but no attempt should be made to remove the clothing until it is completely free.
  • Do not rub frostbitten skin as tissue damage may occur. Place in a warm bath no hotter than 105°F (40°C).
  • Transport the injured person to a medical facility.


2. CO₂ poisoning (Hypercapnia)

Symptoms: Dizziness, rapid breathing, headache, confusion

  • Actions:
  • If cold vapors have been inhaled, move the person to warm, fresh air.
  • If not breathing, begin CPR.
  • Administer high-concentration supplemental oxygen.
  • In case of anesthesia, maintain recovery status.


3. Eye injury

Symptoms: Redness, severe pain, swelling of the eyelid

  • Actions:
  • Rinse the eye with lukewarm water for 15 minutes.
  • Keep the eyelid open until all particles are removed.
  • Avoid rubbing your eyes.
  • Cover with a sterile bandage and see an ophthalmologist.


4. Asphyxiation

Symptoms: Bluish lips, loss of consciousness

  • Actions:
  • The rescuer should first ensure the safety of the environment.
  • Move the casualty to an area with oxygen.
  • If not breathing, start CPR.
  • Give oxygen until emergency services arrive.


5. Cold shock (Hypothermia)

Symptoms: shivering, decreased consciousness, weak pulse

  • Actions:
  • Move the casualty to a warm environment.
  • Remove wet clothes.
  • Warm with a blanket (not direct heat)
  • Give warm (non-alcoholic) drinks slowly.


6. Respiratory damage

Symptoms: Cough, wheezing, shortness of breath

  • Actions:
  • Place the person in a sitting position.
  • Loosen the collar of the dress.
  • Use supplemental oxygen.
  • If symptoms are severe, call emergency services immediately.


7. Dry ice cut

Symptoms: Bleeding, deep cut

  • Actions:
  • Apply direct pressure with sterile gauze.
  • Keep the injured limb elevated.
  • If the wound is deep, stitches may be used.
  • Disinfect with betadine or saline solution


8. Allergic reaction

Symptoms: Hives, facial swelling, difficulty breathing

  • Actions:
  • Remove the trigger.
  • Give an oral antihistamine.
  • In severe cases, administer epinephrine.
  • Monitor breathing status.


9. Drop in blood pressure

Symptoms: dizziness, pallor, sweating

  • Actions:
  • Lay the casualty on his back.
  • Raise your legs 30 centimeters.
  • Drink warm liquids.
  • Avoid standing up suddenly.

 

10. Seizures caused by lack of oxygen

Symptoms: Muscle twitching, foaming at the mouth

  • Actions:
  • Move the casualty away from dangerous objects.
  • Turn your head to the side.
  • Record the time of the seizure.
  • Maintain recovery after a seizure.


11. Chemical burns

    • 20-minute rinse with running water
    • Sterile and dry dressing


12. Swallowing dry ice

  • Never vomit.
  • Go to the emergency room immediately.


13. Corneal damage

    • Washing the eyes with saline solution
    • Covering both eyes

 

14. Syncope

    • Raise your legs.
    • Get some fresh air.


15. Anaphylactic shock

    • Epinephrine injection
    • Call emergency services immediately.

 

Essential dry ice first aid kit equipment:

 

  • 1. Cold-insulated gloves
  • 2. Eye wash solution
  • 3. Sterile dressing
  • 4. Triangle Band
  • 5. Burn ointment
  • 6. Oxygen mask
  • 7. Hot water bottle
  • 8. Medical thermometer
  • 9. Safety scissors
  • 10. Rescue blanket

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Sources:

  • The book “Emergency Care for Hazardous Materials Exposure” (authored by A. Stutz et al.)
  • “First Aid Manual” book
  • Journal of Wilderness & Environmental Medicine
  • ANSI/ISEA 107 standard

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